More mA, or longer exposure time, means a DARKER x-ray. Together, milliampere-seconds equals mA multiplied by time (mA X sec=mAs), which controls the intensity of an x-ray. Milliamperes (mA) are the QUANTITY of electrons produced by the x-ray machine and exposure time (sec) is how LONG you expose the animal to these rays. Usually, the higher the kVp, the higher the scale of contrast between tissues, and the better the quality of the image, because small differences in soft tissue density become more visible (more contrast-y). Generally, increasing kVp increases film blackness and contrast. Kilovoltage (kVp) controls the penetrating ability of an x-ray. In other species, both types can be counted because they have similar half-lives. Therefore, in cats, only count aggregate retics to accurately interpret regenerative status. This is relevant in cats, in which punctate retics can persist in circulation for 7-10 days. Retics can be punctate (mature, single dot) or aggregate (immature, strand), based on how the RNA stains. Only aggregate reticulocytes are counted in cats. Retics can be punctate (mature) or aggregate (immature), based on how the RNA stains. Reticulocyte counts are usually expressed as the # of retics per 1000 RBCs. Increased polychromasia SUGGESTS a regenerative anemia, but you need a reticulocyte count to confirm it.
Immature RBCs are polychromatophilic (usually they stain a darker blue than normal RBCs) on routine Romanowsky-based polychrome stains (e.g., Wright's, DiffQuik). Normal RBCs show up yellowish with NMB stain, but immature RBCs show up with bluish dots or clumps inside (that's the RNA). When you stain blood with new methylene blue (NMB), the immature, polychromatophilic RBCs that contain RNA show up under the microscope as "reticulocytes." In dogs and cats, increased reticulocytes indicate a regenerative anemia, in which the bone marrow is responding to a need for more red blood cells (RBC) by releasing immature RBCs. guidance on rabies post exposure management conforms with Compendium guidelines.
Or a LOWER risk exposure (ie: Up-to-date vaccinated dog messes with woodchuck but no bite wounds on dog).įor high risk lean towards euthanasia/testing or immediate vaccination + long, strict isolation (4 months, dogs/cats, 6 months, ferrets).įor low risk lean towards immediate vaccination + shorter, easier observation period (45 days). When dealing with rabies questions, ask yourself if this seems like a HIGH-risk exposure (ie: wild raccoon bites a child) bats, raccoon, skunk (euthanize, send head to state lab) UN-vaccinated pet (euthanize or vaccinate + 4-6 month strict isolation) Ferrets that are OVERDUE for booster (Handle on case-by-case basis). UN-documented vaccinated, and overdue (Handle on case-by-case basis). Documented vaccinated, but overdue (booster + 45 days owner observation) Documented up to date on rabies vaccination (booster + 45 days owner observation) When in doubt, it is never wrong to check with your local health department.īasically all potential rabies exposures boil down to 2 questions:Īnimal-Animal exposure (less alarm bells)Īnimal bites/exposes human (more alarm bells) According to the 2016 Compendium for Rabies Control, a peak rabies virus antibody titer is reached 28 days after initial vaccination and immediately after booster vaccination.
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